Multiple myeloma is a rare form of blood cancer that often develops silently. This means it progresses slowly over the years and shows no noticeable symptoms in its initial stages. Early detection of multiple myeloma is tricky, as its warning signs are often mistaken for common ailments like back pain or the flu. Also, when these symptoms appear, their intensity can vary. So, it is important to understand these common symptoms to seek timely intervention.

Weakness and fatigue

One of the most common symptoms of multiple myeloma is unexplained weakness and fatigue. It occurs due to anemia, a condition in which the body lacks enough healthy red blood cells. This means the level of hemoglobin reduces. And since hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, their low levels can leave the body short on oxygen. As a result, one may feel constantly tired, weak, or dizzy. Furthermore, anemia can cause shortness of breath.

Pain and weakness in the bones

Multiple myeloma can also cause a lot of pain and weakness in the bones. While this pain can occur in any bone, in most cases it is felt in the back, hips, or skull. Apart from this, the condition can also weaken the bones that are located near the tumor. A tumor, or buildup of cancer cells, forms in the bone marrow and destroys the surrounding bone structure. This process weakens the bones and makes them so fragile that minor injuries can cause fractures. 

Low immunity

Another telltale symptom of multiple myeloma is a weakened immune system. While myeloma is known to increase the production of antibodies in the body, these antibodies are not effective in fighting infections. Plus, these abnormal antibodies crowd out healthy infection-fighting cells. This weakens the immune system overall and reduces the body’s ability to defend itself against bacteria and viruses. Because of this, individuals with multiple myeloma may experience frequent infections, take longer to recover from common illnesses, or fall sick more often than usual.

High calcium levels

As multiple myeloma damages bones, calcium stored in the bones can leak into the bloodstream. This leads to a condition known as hypercalcemia, which means there is an unnaturally high level of calcium in the blood. When this happens, the body may begin to show several discomforting symptoms. These include extreme thirst, frequent urination, dehydration, constipation, and abdominal pain. Some people may also experience a lowered appetite. If left untreated, hypercalcemia can lead to some serious issues, which is why it requires immediate professional attention.

Hindrance with blood clotting

Apart from red blood cells and antibodies, multiple myeloma can also interfere with the production of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. When platelet levels drop, even small cuts may take longer than usual to stop bleeding. One may also notice frequent bruising under the skin, sometimes from very minor bumps or injuries. In more severe cases, one may even need to get platelet transfusions.

Impaired kidney functions

Kidney problems are another possible symptom of multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells can cause an increase in M-proteins in the blood. These M-proteins, along with increased calcium, can put extra strain on the kidneys. Eventually, this makes it hard for them to properly filter waste. As a result, the individual may experience symptoms such as changes in the amount of urine they pass. In severe cases, it may even lead to kidney failure.

Numbness and weakness in the legs

Multiple myeloma can also weaken the bones of the spine, leading them to press on the spinal nerves. This condition, called spinal cord compression, can cause symptoms such as numbness or tingling, most commonly in the legs. In addition, one may experience muscle weakness in the legs. These symptoms indicate a health emergency and necessitate urgent expert intervention.

Severe back pain

Severe or persistent back pain is another symptom that may occur due to spinal involvement. The pain can appear anywhere along the back or neck and may sometimes feel like a tight band around the body. It often worsens with actions such as coughing, sneezing, or straining.